Download with Progress Bar in Python
In this article, you will learn how to download files from the web in Python using the requests library, and how to add a progress bar to your downloads using the tqdm library. You will also learn how to copy files and directories in Python using the shutil library, and how to preserve file metadata and permissions.
Introduction
What is a progress bar?
A progress bar is a graphical indicator that shows the completion status of a task, such as a file download, a data transfer, or a machine learning model training. A progress bar typically consists of a rectangular bar that fills up as the task progresses, and a percentage or a time estimate that indicates how much of the task is done or how much time is left.
download with progress bar python
Why use a progress bar?
A progress bar can provide several benefits for both users and developers of Python programs that involve downloading or copying files:
It can improve the user experience by giving feedback on the progress and duration of the task, and by reducing uncertainty and frustration.
It can help debug and optimize the program by showing the speed and efficiency of the file transfer, and by revealing any errors or bottlenecks.
It can make the program more interactive and engaging by adding some visual appeal and animation to the console output.
How to download files in Python
Using the requests library
The requests library is one of the most popular and powerful libraries for making HTTP requests in Python. It allows you to easily send and receive data from web servers, and handle different types of HTTP methods, headers, parameters, cookies, authentication, proxies, redirects, errors, and more.
The GET method
One of the most common HTTP methods is GET, which indicates that you want to get or retrieve data from a specified resource, such as a web page or a file. To make a GET request using requests, you can use the requests.get() function, which takes a URL as an argument and returns a Response object.
For example, suppose you want to download a text file from . You can use the following code:
import requests response = requests.get("
The Response object
The Response object contains various information about the response from the server, such as the status code, the headers, the content, and more. You can access these attributes and methods using dot notation. For example:
response.status_code # returns 200 if successful response.headers # returns a dictionary of response headers response.content # returns the binary content of the response response.text # returns the decoded text content of the response response.json() # returns the parsed JSON content of the response
response.content to the file object using the write() method. For example:
with open("file.txt", "wb") as f: f.write(response.content)
This will create a file named file.txt in the current working directory and write the content of the response to it. You can also specify a different path or filename for the file.
How to add a progress bar to downloads in Python
Using the tqdm library
The tqdm library is a simple and fast library for creating progress bars in Python. It supports various types of iterators, such as lists, dictionaries, files, and generators, and can automatically estimate the remaining time and speed of the iteration. It also has a low overhead and can be easily customized and integrated with other libraries.
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How to handle errors and exceptions in a progress bar in Python downloads
How to resume interrupted downloads with a progress bar in Python
How to test and debug a progress bar in Python downloads
How to optimize the performance of a progress bar in Python downloads
How to make a multithreaded or asynchronous progress bar in Python downloads
How to make a multiprocess or parallel progress bar in Python downloads
How to make a distributed or cloud-based progress bar in Python downloads
How to make a web-based or browser-based progress bar in Python downloads
How to make an API-based or RESTful progress bar in Python downloads
How to make a command-line or terminal-based progress bar in Python downloads
How to make a logging or reporting system for a progress bar in Python downloads
How to document and share a progress bar in Python downloads
Best practices and tips for creating a progress bar in Python downloads
Installing tqdm
To install tqdm, you can use the pip command in your terminal:
pip install tqdm
Alternatively, you can use the conda command if you are using Anaconda:
conda install tqdm
Using tqdm with requests
To use tqdm with requests, you can wrap the response.iter_content() method with the tqdm() function. The response.iter_content() method returns an iterator that yields chunks of the response content as bytes. The tqdm() function takes an iterator as an argument and returns a progress bar object that updates as the iterator is consumed.
You can also pass some optional arguments to the tqdm() function, such as total, which specifies the total number of iterations or bytes expected; unit, which specifies the unit of measurement for the progress bar; and desc, which specifies a prefix for the progress bar. For example:
import requests from tqdm import tqdm response = requests.get(" stream=True) total_size = int(response.headers.get("content-length", 0)) progress_bar = tqdm(response.iter_content(1024), total=total_size, unit="B", unit_scale=True, desc="Downloading file.txt") with open("file.txt", "wb") as f: for chunk in progress_bar: if chunk: f.write(chunk) progress_bar.update(len(chunk)) progress_bar.close()
This will download the file and display a progress bar like this:
Downloading file.txt: 100% 10.0M/10.0M [00:05<00:00, 1.96MB/s]
Customizing tqdm
The tqdm library offers many options for customizing the appearance and behavior of the progress bar. You can check the documentation for more details, but here are some examples of what you can do:
progress_bar = tqdm(response.iter_content(1024), total=total_size, unit="B", unit_scale=True, desc="Downloading file.txt", bar_format="desc: percentage:3.0f%bar n_fmt/total_fmt [elapsed
This will display a progress bar like this:
Downloading file.txt: 100% 10.0M/10.0M [00:05
You can add dynamic postfixes to the progress bar by using the set_postfix() method, which takes a dictionary of key-value pairs to display after the speed. For example:
progress_bar = tqdm(response.iter_content(1024), total=total_size, unit="B", unit_scale=True, desc="Downloading file.txt") with open("file.txt", "wb") as f: for chunk in progress_bar: if chunk: f.write(chunk) progress_bar.update(len(chunk)) progress_bar.set_postfix(file="file.txt", size=f"len(chunk)/1024:.2f KB") progress_bar.close()
This will display a progress bar like this:
Downloading file.txt: 100% 10.0M/10.0M [00:05
You can use different styles of progress bars by using the gui, notebook, or auto modules of tqdm, which can detect the environment and use the appropriate backend. For example:
from tqdm.auto import tqdm progress_bar = tqdm(response.iter_content(1024), total=total_size, unit="B", unit_scale=True, desc="Downloading file.txt")
This will display a progress bar that adapts to the terminal, the Jupyter notebook, or the graphical user interface.
How to copy files and directories in Python
Using the shutil library
The shutil library is a standard library that provides high-level operations for copying and moving files and directories in Python. It can handle different types of files, such as regular files, symbolic links, and special files, and can preserve file metadata and permissions.
Installing shutil
The shutil library is included in the Python standard library, so you don't need to install it separately. You can simply import it using the import statement:
import shutil
Using shutil with requests and tqdm
To use shutil with requests and tqdm, you can use the shutil.copyfileobj() function, which takes two file-like objects as arguments and copies the data from one to another. You can pass the response.raw object as the source file object, and an open file object as the destination file object. You can also pass a third argument to specify the buffer size for copying.
To add a progress bar to the copying process, you can wrap the response.raw object with the tqdm() function, and pass the same arguments as before. For example:
import requests import shutil from tqdm import tqdm response = requests.get(" stream=True) total_size = int(response.headers.get("content-length", 0)) progress_bar = tqdm(response.raw, total=total_size, unit="B", unit_scale=True, desc="Copying file.txt") with open("file.txt", "wb") as f: shutil.copyfileobj(progress_bar, f) progress_bar.close()
This will copy the file and display a progress bar like this:
Copying file.txt: 100% 10.0M/10.0M [00:05
Copying file metadata and permissions
such as its name, size, modification time, owner, permissions, etc. To copy the metadata and permissions of the file, you can use the shutil.copyfile() function, which takes two filenames as arguments and copies the content and the metadata of the source file to the destination file. For example:
import shutil shutil.copyfile("source.txt", "destination.txt")
This will copy the file source.txt to destination.txt, along with its metadata and permissions. However, this function does not support progress bars or buffer size arguments.
To copy both the content and the metadata of the file, and also use a progress bar and a buffer size, you can combine the shutil.copyfileobj() and the shutil.copystat() functions. The shutil.copystat() function takes two filenames as arguments and copies the metadata and permissions of the source file to the destination file. For example:
import requests import shutil from tqdm import tqdm response = requests.get(" stream=True) total_size = int(response.headers.get("content-length", 0)) progress_bar = tqdm(response.raw, total=total_size, unit="B", unit_scale=True, desc="Copying file.txt") with open("file.txt", "wb") as f: shutil.copyfileobj(progress_bar, f, 1024) progress_bar.close() shutil.copystat(" "file.txt")
This will copy the file and its metadata and permissions, and display a progress bar like this:
Copying file.txt: 100% 10.0M/10.0M [00:05
Conclusion
Summary of the main points
In this article, you have learned how to download files from the web in Python using the requests library, and how to add a progress bar to your downloads using the tqdm library. You have also learned how to copy files and directories in Python using the shutil library, and how to preserve file metadata and permissions.
Further resources and links
If you want to learn more about these topics, you can check out the following resources and links:
The official documentation of the requests library:
The official documentation of the tqdm library:
The official documentation of the shutil library:
A tutorial on how to download files in Python:
A tutorial on how to use progress bars in Python:
A tutorial on how to copy files and directories in Python:
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I download multiple files in Python?
To download multiple files in Python, you can use a loop or a list comprehension to iterate over a list of URLs, and call the requests.get() function for each URL. You can also use a thread pool or a process pool to parallelize the downloads and speed up the process. For example:
import requests from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor urls = [" " " filenames = ["file1.txt", "file2.txt", "file3.txt"] def download_file(url, filename): response = requests.get(url) with open(filename, "wb") as f: f.write(response.content) with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=3) as executor: executor.map(download_file, urls, filenames)
This will download three files in parallel using three threads.
How do I download large files in Python?
To download large files in Python, you can use the stream argument of the requests.get() function, which allows you to stream the response content instead of loading it into memory. This can save memory and improve performance when dealing with large files. You can also use the iter_content() or iter_lines() methods of the Response object to iterate over the streamed content in chunks or lines. For example:
import requests response = requests.get(" stream=True) with open("large_file.zip", "wb") as f: for chunk in response.iter_content(1024): if chunk: f.write(chunk)
This will download a large zip file in 1 KB chunks and write them to a local file.
How do I download files with authentication in Python?
To download files with authentication in Python, you can use the auth argument of the requests.get() function, which allows you to pass a tuple of username and password, or an object that implements the __call__() method for custom authentication. You can also use the requests.auth module to provide different types of authentication, such as Basic, Digest, OAuth, etc. For example:
import requests from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth response = requests.get(" auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user", "pass")) with open("secret_file.txt", "wb") as f: f.write(response.content)
This will download a file that requires basic authentication using a username and password.
How do I download files with headers or parameters in Python?
To download files with headers or parameters in Python, you can use the headers or params arguments of the requests.get() function, which allow you to pass a dictionary of key-value pairs to customize the request headers or query parameters. For example:
import requests headers = "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0" params = "q": "python", "lang": "en" response = requests.get(" headers=headers, params=params) with open("search_results.html", "wb") as f: f.write(response.content)
This will download a web page that shows the search results for "python" in English, using a custom user agent header.
How do I handle errors or exceptions when downloading files in Python?
To handle errors or exceptions when downloading files in Python, you can use the raise_for_status() method of the Response object, which will raise an HTTPError exception if the response status code is not 200 (OK). You can also use a try-except block to catch and handle any other exceptions that may occur during the download process, such as ConnectionError, TimeoutError, IOError, etc. For example:
import requests try: response = requests.get(" response.raise_for_status() with open("file.txt", "wb") as f: f.write(response.content) except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as e: print(f"HTTP Error: e") except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError as e: print(f"Connection Error: e") except requests.exceptions.TimeoutError as e: print(f"Timeout Error: e") except IOError as e: print(f"IO Error: e")
This will download a file and handle any errors or exceptions that may occur.
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